Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, disrupting communication between the brain, spinal cord, and body. It can progress rapidly over hours to weeks, causing muscle weakness or, in severe cases, paralysis that may affect breathing and vital functions. While some individuals experience only mild symptoms, others face life-threatening complications. Most people recover, even from severe cases, though some may have lasting weakness.
According to various research studies, individuals above the age of 50 are more prone to developing GBS. Males are more commonly affected than females.
Causes of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
The exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is unknown, but it is often triggered by infections. The most common risk factor is Campylobacter jejuni infection, which causes gastroenteritis with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other viral infections, including influenza, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Zika virus, have also been linked to GBS. These infections may prompt the immune system to mistakenly attack the body’s nerves.
Symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Primary Symptoms
1. Weakness –
GBS typically starts with weakness in the feet, which can spread upward to the legs, arms, face, and respiratory muscles. Most people reach peak weakness within two weeks, with 90% experiencing their lowest strength by the third week.
2. Sensory Changes –
Individuals may experience sensations such as tingling, a feeling of insects crawling beneath the skin, and sharp pain, often accompanied by a pins-and-needles sensation in the hands and feet.
Secondary Symptoms
1. Impairment of eye muscles and vision
2. Challenges with swallowing, speaking, or chewing
3. Issues with coordination and balance
4. Irregularities in heart rate or blood pressure
5. Difficulties with digestion and/or bladder control
Healthy Nervous System vs. Nervous System Affected by GBS
Nerves have a central component called the axon, which carries electrical signals. The axon is surrounded by an insulating layer called the myelin sheath, which speeds up signal transmission and enables efficient communication across long distances in a healthy nervous system. In GBS, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons and sometimes the axons themselves. This disrupts nerve signal transmission, leading to muscle weakness and impaired sensation, such as reduced ability to feel heat and pain.
Diagnosis of GBS
1. Lumbar Puncture –
A small volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is extracted and analyzed to determine the presence of elevated protein levels, infections, or other abnormalities.
2. Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Studies–
These tests assess and diagnose conditions affecting the muscles and motor neurons.
3. MRI Imaging –
Used to rule out other neurological conditions.
Treatment of GBS
There is no definitive cure for GBS, but treatments can reduce severity and speed up recovery. The best outcomes are achieved when treatment begins within two weeks of symptom onset.
1. Plasmapheresis (Plasma Exchange) –
Removes harmful antibodies from the blood to reduce nerve damage.
2. Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) –
Administers immune proteins to help counteract the immune attack on nerves.
3. Corticosteroids –
Anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce inflammation.
4. Supportive Care –
Includes ICU management, respiratory support, and symptom relief.
5. Rehabilitative Care –
Involves physical therapy and rehabilitation to restore strength and daily function.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a neurological disorder in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. It often begins suddenly with weakness or tingling in the legs, spreading upward. Hospitalization is essential to prevent respiratory complications and manage symptoms. Recovery can be slow, and some individuals may have lasting muscle weakness or paralysis.
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